Adjectives in the Circassian Language

From the morphological point of view adjectives in the Circassian language are not very different from nouns. In combinations with nouns they lose their grammatical independence. Adjectives form their plural form the same way nouns do, they also use the same affixes to form different grammatical cases (from nominative to translative).

Adjectives can be either

  • qualitative or
  • relative

Adjectives can be in singular or plural form: фыжьы́ "white" (singular) - фыжь-хэ́-р "white" (plural).

They switch grammatical cases similarly to nouns:

  • Nominative: singular фыжьы́р, plural фыжьхэ́р;
  • Ergative: singular фыжьы́м, plural фыжьхэ́м;
  • Instrumental: singular фыжьымк1э́, plural фыжьхэмк1э́;
  • Translative: singular фыжьэ́у, plural фыжьхэ́у.

A qualitative adjective as a compliment in a sentence goes after the word it describes: к1алэ дэ́гъу "good boy", унэ лъа́г "high house"; a relative adjective goes before it: пхъэ уа́т "wooden hammer", гъуч1 п1эк1о́р "iron bed". In the second case adjectives do not change their form, only the appropriate nous do. For example: in plural - гъуч1 п1эк1орхэ́р "iron beds".

In different grammatical cases:

  • Nominative: гъуч1 п1эк1оры́р,
  • Ergative: гъуч1 п1эк1оры́м,
  • Instrumental: гъуч1 п1эк1орымк1э́,
  • Translative: гъуч1 п1эк1орэ́у.

Combining adjectives with nouns it is possible to produce a great lot of phrases: пшъэшъэ да́х "beautiful girl", к1алэ дэ́гъу "good boy", ц1ыф дэ́гъу "good man", гъогу за́нк1 "direct road", уц шхъуа́нт1 "green grass" and so on. These phrases can be easily included into sentences. For example: Сэ не́пэ пшъэшъэ́ да́хэ слъэгъугъэ́ "I have seen a beautiful girl today"; Тэ гъо́гу занк1э́м тырык1уа́гъ "We were walking a direct road".

Circassian qualitative adjectives also have

  • comparative and
  • superlative

forms. For example: нахьи́ нахь фыжь "whiter" (comparative form), фыжьы́бз "very white" (superlative form), анахь фыжь дэ́д "more very white", "very white" (superlative form). In a sentence: Ар ощ нахьи́ нахь фыжь "He is whiter than you".

Here is a list of adjectives describing properties, sizes, qualities and colors.

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