Circassian Adverbs

In the Circassian language adverbs belong to these groups:

  • adverbs of place,
  • adverbs of time,
  • adverbs of quality,
  • adverbs of amount.

Adverbs of place answer the question тыдэ́? "where, where to, from where?" :

  • мыдэ́ "here",
  • модэ́ "there", and others;

Adverbs of time answer the question сыдигъо́? "when?" :

  • непэ́ "today",
  • тыгъуасэ́ "yesterday",
  • неущы́ "tomorrow",
  • неущмык1э́ "the day after tomorrow",
  • джыдэдэ́м "now",
  • пчэдыжьы́ "at morning",
  • пчыхьэ́м "at evening",
  • гъэмафэ́м "in summer" and others.

Adverbs of quality is the biggest group:

  • къабзэ́у "cleanly",
  • чыжьэ́у "far",
  • псынк1э́у "quickly",
  • дахэ́у "beautifully",
  • благъэ́у "near" and others.

As a rule, adverbs of this group are formed from the appropriate qualitative adjectives using the suffix -у.

Adverbs of amount:

  • мак1э́у "few",
  • бэрэ́ "often".

Formation of adverbs

Adverbs can be produced different ways and from different parts of speech. The most productive ways to form adverbs are:

suffixing:

  • дахэ́-у "beautifully" (from дахэ́ "beautiful"),
  • шъабэ́-у "softly" (from шъабэ́ "soft"),
  • пытэ́-у "firmly" (from пытэ́ "firm");

concatenating:

  • неущпчэдыжьы́ "tomorrow morning" (неущы́ "tomorrow" + пчэдыжьы́ "morning"),
  • щэджэгъоужы́м "after dinner" (щэджа́гъу "dinner time" + уж "after");

rethinking or transfer of some forms of words of different parts of speech into adverbs:

  • пчыхьэ́м "nights" (пчыхьэ́м "evening", ergative case),
  • л1ыгъэк1э́ "forcibly" (л1ыгъэк1э́ "by courage", instrumental case).

In a sentence adverbs play role of adverbials:

  • Сэ дэгъо́у сэ́джэ "I study well";
  • Лэжьак1охэ́р пчэдыжьы́м жьэ́у къэтэджы́х "Workers get up early at morning" and so on.

User comments

No comments

Add comment

* - required field

*
*
*



*
*