Circassian Adverbs
In the Circassian language adverbs belong to these groups:
- adverbs of place,
- adverbs of time,
- adverbs of quality,
- adverbs of amount.
Adverbs of place answer the question тыдэ́? "where, where to, from where?" :
- мыдэ́ "here",
- модэ́ "there", and others;
Adverbs of time answer the question сыдигъо́? "when?" :
- непэ́ "today",
- тыгъуасэ́ "yesterday",
- неущы́ "tomorrow",
- неущмык1э́ "the day after tomorrow",
- джыдэдэ́м "now",
- пчэдыжьы́ "at morning",
- пчыхьэ́м "at evening",
- гъэмафэ́м "in summer" and others.
Adverbs of quality is the biggest group:
- къабзэ́у "cleanly",
- чыжьэ́у "far",
- псынк1э́у "quickly",
- дахэ́у "beautifully",
- благъэ́у "near" and others.
As a rule, adverbs of this group are formed from the appropriate qualitative adjectives using the suffix -у.
Adverbs of amount:
- мак1э́у "few",
- бэрэ́ "often".
Formation of adverbs
Adverbs can be produced different ways and from different parts of speech. The most productive ways to form adverbs are:
suffixing:
- дахэ́-у "beautifully" (from дахэ́ "beautiful"),
- шъабэ́-у "softly" (from шъабэ́ "soft"),
- пытэ́-у "firmly" (from пытэ́ "firm");
concatenating:
- неущпчэдыжьы́ "tomorrow morning" (неущы́ "tomorrow" + пчэдыжьы́ "morning"),
- щэджэгъоужы́м "after dinner" (щэджа́гъу "dinner time" + уж "after");
rethinking or transfer of some forms of words of different parts of speech into adverbs:
- пчыхьэ́м "nights" (пчыхьэ́м "evening", ergative case),
- л1ыгъэк1э́ "forcibly" (л1ыгъэк1э́ "by courage", instrumental case).
In a sentence adverbs play role of adverbials:
- Сэ дэгъо́у сэ́джэ "I study well";
- Лэжьак1охэ́р пчэдыжьы́м жьэ́у къэтэджы́х "Workers get up early at morning" and so on.
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