Studying the Circassian Language

Studying a language, mastering a foreign language has always been a subject of great importance, it has always been receiving significant attention from linguists, both the theorist and practitioners. Even today,  knowing several foreign languages is an attribute of significant value. And it can be explained by many different facts.

  • Firstly, a natural language is not only a tool used by people to communicate with each other, but also a way of studying and perceiving reality.
  • Secondly, any natural language reflects its nation's experience of social and labor life which has been accumulated through hundreds or even thousands of years.
  • Thirdly, a natural language contains the nation's traditions, habits, ways of life, temper, history, and psychology.
  • Fourthly, a natural language shows the way the ethnic group thinks, its ways of reacting to different kinds of events, its ways of evaluating different kinds of actions.
  • Fifthly, a natural language is the source and the main tool of education. From the early childhood every person receives verbal instructions on how to behave in different life situations. That is why in any natural language there is old wisdom of its nation, which usually takes form of proverbs and sayings.

Therefore, having a common language is an essential requirement for people to be able to effectively communicate, exchange experience, achieve mutual understanding; learning another language allows to get to the other nation's cultural, scientific, and technological advantages. Without knowing the language of the people one lives, works, spends free time with, it is almost impossible for him to understand their culture, habits, traditions, and psychology. There is a wise saying on this subject: “How  many  languages you know, that many times you are a person”.

Besides that, it is useful to know that understanding several languages extends the person's ability to analyze and summarize facts, improves psychological compatibility between people, removes suspiciousness, makes solving of many practical problems much easier, strengthens friendship.

Bilingualism is common for multiethnic countries. This is also a global phenomenon, which appeared as  something covering relatively large groups of people during the time of slave-holding systems and empires which occupied the lands of their colonies. Today, bilingualism takes place in highly developed countries as well, because most of the countries have “a foreign language” as a subject to study in schools.

In the USSR bilingualism had only “one direction”, as only indigenous population of various regions were able to understand and speak two languages, their own and Russian, while most of the ethnic Russians (with some individual exceptions) were only speaking one language.

Democratization of Russia's political life has changed standings of the states that form the federation. The newly created republics have officially received recognition of their right to preserve and maintain their cultural identity, and as a part of this movement their languages have become the official state languages, which forms a good basis for their further development. Therefore,  bilingualism in such regions is becoming to be bidirectional.

Republic of Adygeya as a state inside Russia was formed more than five years ago. It has its National Emblem and Flag, its Anthem is performed. In march, 1994 the law called “About languages of people of  Adygeya Republic” was passed. It states that both the Circassian and Russian languages are the official languages in the region.

The law also states that its requirements should be gradually implemented in ten years. However, it must be noticed, that, according to the law, actual ways of these implementations are based on “free will”, which requires additional efforts from the legislature and executive power of Adygeya . That is why the Ministry of Education and Science of Adygeya prepared an actual plan of measures in order to help the republic's population develop a practice of using the Circassian language, as well as the Russian language.

These mentioned actual measures have a positive influence not only on the Circassians (who do not always pay enough attention to their own language), but also on the people of other ethnicities living in Adygeya. In other words, Circassian language's prestige has been growing significantly together with the number of people wishing to study it. The Circassian language is studied in schools and universities. Almost 70 schools of Adygeya have the Circassian language either as a mandatory or as an optional subject to study.

These are the main reasons why knowing the Circassian language becomes more important for the non-Circassians. Therefore, special programs for people of different ages, and for those who want to study independently, short-term courses, different kinds of dictionaries, special textbooks, phrase-books, and materials that help to understand aspects of the Circassian language must be developed. Doing so, it is important to consider that natural languages are always easiest to take in during childhood. At this time in any person there is a strong hunger for studying the surrounding reality that easily drives towards development of all kinds of abilities necessary for studying a natural language, even when its phonetics and grammar are very different from those of the language the child already feels comfortable with. Children usually adopt themselves to the most difficult sounds and rules without serious difficulties. They, comparatively, do not care that much about pragmatical side of the question: why to study, how can I use the language, what would it give to me, and so on.

In childhood a natural language easily grows on a person during playing games, singing songs, making  stage versions of  dramatical pieces. Children of the non-Circassian ethnic groups study by repeating proverbs and sayings, imitating speeches of older and younger Circassians. In this age they do not get tired of endless repetitions of the same verbal exercises, they can make it dozens and even hundreds of times. Children do not hesitate to make mistakes, they do not stop practicing until their pronunciation becomes almost perfect, when they are able to speak without an accent. Thus, when teaching children one should consider the importance of imitation and visualization, should involve games, and amusement in general, into the process, must not forget that studies have to be systematical and dialogic.

The picture is pretty different with adults. An adult person thinks about practical side much more often, he hesitates to pronounce difficult sounds and words out of the fear of looking ridiculous. An adult can hardly use games, songs and other kinds of amusement in his studies. On the other hand, unlike children who may sometimes lose any interest to what they do, the adults, who decided to study another language, are usually more consistent in their efforts to achieve the goal. So, for the sake of achieving this goal the adult people force themselves to practice pronunciation more often. Adults are financially capable of using special technical tools which help a lot with reproducing pronunciation and, in general, with studying a language.

From what has been said earlier it is possible to make a small conclusion about the adults who wish to study another language. It is very important to review and settle the psychological basis of the intention. It is also important to understand that in order to succeed, the studies must be systematic and deliberate. The person must permanently practice creating speeches on different life situations, must listen to the sound records of separate phases and whole texts, radio and TV programs. Somebody who decided to study another language should not hesitate to make mistakes. Some failures, wrong pronunciation, incorrectly built sentences should not be that much disappointing, because these are essential parts of any practice, and only through practice it is possible to fully study a natural language.

Besides, many tasks that help to study another language can be performed individually, without a teacher, using special modern technical devices.

Experience shows that when it is about studying another natural language, individual, systematic, and deliberate trainings give very impressive results: in a short period of time the person is able to speak very well.

Circassian and English in their phonetics and grammar are different languages. There are a lot of sounds in the Circassian language that are absent in English. English-speaking students may face problems pronouncing both vowels and consonants of the Circassian language.

Among Circassian vowels difficulties are usually posed by а, и, о, у, ы, э. In order to make it easier to study pronunciation of these vowels it is useful to regularly practice pronouncing the words that contain these letters in them: апч "glass", атакъэ́ "cock", а́чъэ "goat", а́ты "they give", ины́ "big", ис "sits there inside", ит "stands there inside", илъ "lies there inside", осы́ "snow", ощхы́ "rain", ош1у́ "good weather", о́ты "you are giving", унэ́ "home", уты́ "iron", усэ́ "piece of poetry", у1э́н "injure", уплъэк1у́н "check", чэмы́ "cow", чэты́ "chicken", мэлы́ "sheep", мылы́ "ice", уцы́ "grass", щынэ́н "be scared of", щысы́н "sit", шы "horse", тын "make a present", сэ́к1о "I am going", сэ́чъэ "I am running", тэ́щэ "we are selling", мэчъы́е "sleeps", пэ "nose", нэ "eye", тэ "we", хэ "six times" and so on. To make the studies more diverse, when pronunciation and meaning of the words have already been learned, it is useful to try to build sentences with them.

For example:

  • Сэ шко́лым сэ́к1о "I am going to school";
  • Тэ 1оф тэ́ш1э "We are working";
  • К1алэхэ́р мылы́м лъэрычъэк1э́ щэ́чъэх "The boys are ice-skating" and so on.

Circassian consonants, however, are more difficult to study. There are specific consonants that are described by several Cyrillic signs and the additional 1 sign (the Arab “one”, traditionally the Roman “I” is used). Let us list these consonant sounds: го, гу, гъ, гъо, гъу, дж, дз, дзу, жъ, жъу, жъо, жь, ко, ку, къ, къо, къу, к1, к1о, к1у, лъ, л1, п1, п1у, п1о, т1, т1о, т1у, хъ, хъо, хъу, хь, цо, цу, ц1, чъ, ч1, шъ, шъо, шъу, ш1, ш1о, ш1у, , , , , , .

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